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Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues (1795–1851), more commonly known as Olinde Rodrigues, was a French banker, mathematician, and social reformer. Rodrigues was born into a well-to-do Sephardi Jewish family〔Simon Altmann, "Rotations, Quaternions and Double Groups"(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, ISBN 0-19-855372-2): "The family is often said to have been of Spanish origin, but the spelling of the family name rather suggests Portuguese descent (as indeed asserted by the 'Enciclopedia Universal Illustrada Espasa-Calpe')". For more information on the Rodrigues as Portuguese Jews in Bordeaux see also the Jewish Encyclopedia 〕 in Bordeaux. Rodrigues was awarded a doctorate in mathematics on 28 June 1815 by the University of Paris.〔Altmann and Ortiz(2005), p. 12〕 His dissertation contains the result now called Rodrigues' formula. After graduation, Rodrigues became a banker. A close associate of the Comte de Saint-Simon, Rodrigues continued, after Saint-Simon's death in 1825, to champion the older man's socialist ideals, a school of thought that came to be known as Saint-Simonianism. During this period, Rodrigues published writings on politics, social reform, and banking. In 1840 he published a result on transformation groups,〔Olinde Rodrigues (1840) ("Des lois géométriques qui régissent les déplacements d'un système solide dans l'espace, et de la variation des coordonnées provenant de ces déplacements considérés indépendamment des causes qui peuvent les produire" ) (On the geometrical laws that govern the displacements of a solid system in space, and on the change of coordinates resulting from these displacements considered independently of the causes that can produce them), ''Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées'', vol. 5, pages 380-440.〕 which applied Leonhard Euler's four squares formula, a precursor to the quaternions of William Rowan Hamilton, to the problem of representing rotations in space.〔John H. Conway, Derek A. Smith, On Quaternions and Octonions: Their Geometry, Arithmetic, and Symmetry. AK Peters, 2003, ISBN 1-56881-134-9, p. 9〕 However, during his own times, his work on mathematics was largely ignored, and he has only been rediscovered late in the twentieth century. Rodrigues is remembered for three results: Rodrigues' rotation formula for vectors, the Rodrigues formula about series of orthogonal polynomials and the Euler–Rodrigues parameters. Rodrigues is noted for the first recorded use of term, avant-garde, in his essay, "L'artiste, le savant et l'industriel" ("The artist, the scientist and the industrialist", 1825). He calls on artists to "serve as (people's ) avant-garde", insisting that "the power of the arts is indeed the most immediate and fastest way" to social, political and economic reform. He died in Paris in 1851. ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Olinde Rodrigues」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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